The Majestic Forts and Castles of Oman: A Journey Through History
- Alanna Gabbett
- Apr 21
- 16 min read
Updated: Apr 24
Oman, a rich tapestry of culture, tradition, and natural beauty, is famed for its stunning landscapes, but perhaps its most awe-inspiring features are the majestic forts and castles that dot its rugged terrain. These fortifications not only symbolize the architectural prowess of Oman's past but also represent the strategic importance of the nation in historical trade and military contexts. In this journey through history, let’s explore some of the most significant forts and Castles in Oman and uncover what makes each of them unique.
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Bahla Fort
An Architectural Marvel
Our favorite fort from our visit to Oman, Bahla Fort is one of the most renowned forts in Oman and is recognized as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Constructed in the 13th century, this fort exemplifies the incredible mix of architecture and defensive features that made it essential during its time.
The fort's high walls and strategic placement allowed for excellent visibility of the surrounding landscape, making it an ideal lookout point for incoming threats. Its design includes various towers and a complex system of traditional Omani plasterwork. Walking through its ancient halls, visitors can almost hear the whispers of history that echo within its walls.
As you explore the fort, you'll encounter expansive courtyards, towering mud-brick walls, and intricate defensive structures that have stood the test of time. The fort's elevated position provides panoramic views of the surrounding oasis and the town of Bahla, making it a photographer's dream. Adjacent to the fort, you can also visit the nearby mosque, which offers a stunning view of the eroding Great Wall of Bahla.
Visitors to Bahla Fort can also explore the nearby town, which is famous for its pottery and traditional crafts. The combination of history and culture makes this area a must-visit for anyone keen on experiencing the heart of Oman.
When planning your visit, it's important to note the fort's operating hours: Saturday to Thursday from 8:30 AM to 4:00 PM, and on Fridays from 8:00 AM to 11:00 AM. The entry fee is 500 Baisas (0.5 OMR), offering an affordable opportunity to explore this historic site.
Parking is conveniently available near the fort, with a free parking area provided near the old settlement next to the fort. Getting to the fort from the parking lot does involve walking up an incline or a set of stairs so keep this in mind.
Tips for your visit:
Wear comfortable shoes - you'll be walking on uneven surfaces and staircases. Wear comfortable shoes that offer some level of traction.
Wear modest clothing - it's important to dress modestly and in light/breathable clothing to respect local customs and keep cool in the Omani heat.
Stay hydrated - even in the coolest months, Oman can get unbearably warm. Keep in mind that Oman has very few cloudy days and the direct sunlight can make walking around the fort uncomfortable at midday.
Visit early - to avoid the midday heat and crowds, plan your visit as early as possible. This will allow you to roam around the fort comfortably.
Be cautious - while exploring, be mindful of the fort's high walls and open edges, ensuring you maintain a safe distance to prevent accidents. Additionally, keep children close - we recommend using a child carrier for younger children.
Nizwa Fort
A Center of Power
Arguably the most popular fort visited by tourists to Oman is the impressive Nizwa Fort. The fort, constructed during the mid-17th century under the rule of Sultan bin Saif al-Yarubi, holds a crucial place in Oman’s history. It was the center of power in the region and symbolizes the strength of the local tribes and their connection to the sultanate.
The fort’s impressive round tower, standing at a height of 30 meters, provides an incredible view of the landscape. It was designed with a unique twist; the thick walls are built to withstand cannon fire, showcasing the innovative military architecture of the period.
As you navigate through the fort, you'll encounter a variety of rooms and corridors that once served as living quarters, storage areas, and defensive positions. Informative exhibits throughout the fort provide insights into Omani architecture, defense mechanisms, and daily life in historical times.
The admission fee is 5 Omani Rials (OMR) for adults and 3 OMR for children aged 6 to 12. Children under 6 can enter for free. The fort is open Saturday to Thursday from 8:00 AM to 6:00 PM and on Fridays from 8:00 AM to 11:30 AM, reopening from 1:30 PM to 6:00 PM.
Parking near Nizwa Fort can be a bit tricky, lacking a dedicated parking lot. The roads surrounding the fort are quite narrow and difficult to navigate and there's a distinct lack of parking spaces. It's advisable to park at your accommodation if possible, walking over to the fort.
Tips for your visit:
Arrive early - for the best chances to find parking, avoid crowds, and escape the midday sun, plan to arrive as early as possible, giving yourself a few hours to explore the fort.
Stay the night - Nizwa has much more to offer than its fort, with a huge variety of souqs in the town, selling everything from fresh produce, fish, meats, and handcrafted goods to cobblestone streets filled with history. Something you can't miss is the Friday morning livestock market, where locals gather at sunrise to sell cows, sheep, and other animals, parading them around. It's a lively event that's only held on Friday mornings.
Sun protection - the fort doesn't have many shaded areas and it's therefore important to bring along sun protection such as sunblock or a hat to protect yourself.
Bring cash - there are small shops and local vendors set up inside the fort so be sure to bring a small amount of cash in case you want to purchase a drink or souvenir.
Stay hydrated - as always, when in Oman, it's key to stay hydrated so you can continue exploring the country safely.
Wear appropriate footwear - just like Bahla Fort, the fort contains many staircases, rocks, and uneven terrain, so it's important to wear comfortable and sturdy shoes.
Where to stay in Nizwa:
We highly recommend a stay at IHYAA Inn! We stayed here in January 2025 and can't recommend them enough. The stay was affordable, exactly as described, and in a prime location. Located inside the historic district of Nizwa, this beautiful inn is just steps from Nizwa Fort, the souqs, and many places to eat. They even have private parking available for your car!
Jabreen Castle
A Masterpiece of Design
Also known as Jabrin Castle, this structure represents the epitome of Omani architecture and artistry. Built in the late 17th century and located in Oman's Ad Dakhiliyah Governorate, Jabreen Castle showcases intricate woodwork and impressive ceiling murals that depict various themes, including Islamic teachings and nature.
While considered a castle and not a fort (because it was built as a residential palace and not for defense), it stands as a remarkable example of 17th-century Islamic architecture. It served as a palace for Imam Bil'arab bin Sultan and reflected his passion for science and art, containing various rooms such as an impressive library, expansive living quarters, storage rooms, and even a school. Walking around the castle, you'll see remnants of intricately decorated ceilings, ornate carvings, and painted frescoes, showcasing the artistic heritage of Oman.
The closest city to Jabreen Castle is Nizwa, which is around 25 miles away (a 30-minute drive), while the capital city of Muscat is about 100 miles away (about a 2-hour drive).
Its serene surroundings, combined with stunning views of the Hajar Mountains, make Jabreen a popular destination for both history buffs and nature lovers alike. The castle's relatively well-preserved state allows visitors to step back in time and imagine the lifestyle of its inhabitants.
For tourist visitors, the ticket price is 3 Omani Rials (OMR) per adult and 1 OMR for children aged 6 to 12. Children under 6 are free. Tickets can be purchased at the entrance, and both cash and card payments are typically accepted. The castle is open daily from 7:30 AM to 9:00 PM, offering ample time for exploration, especially if you plan to combine your visit with nearby attractions like Bahla Fort or Nizwa.
Tips for your visit:
Plan your visit - visit the castle either earlier in the morning or later in the afternoon. This will ensure you avoid the midday heat and some of the crowds. October to March will ensure the most comfortable weather for your visit.
Free parking - there is a free parking lot just in front of the castle for visitors to use. Even in busy periods, there is ample parking available.
Dress modestly - it's important to dress modestly when visiting the country of Oman, as to respect their local customs. However, do be sure to wear lightweight and breathable clothing to avoid overheating.
Keep an eye on children - there are steep staircases, low railings, and open balconies.
Combine your trip - there are so many other great sites in the area, such as Bahla Fort and Nizwa. These other forts can be done together as they are relatively close by. Consider basing yourself in Nizwa and taking a day trip to visit Bahla Fort and Jabreen Castle.
Al Rustaq Fort
The Guardian of the Hajar Mountains
Al Rustaq Fort is one of Oman’s oldest and most important forts, originally built in the 13th century during the Ayyubid dynasty. Strategically located, it was designed to protect the town of Al Rustaq and control important trade routes. Over the centuries, the fort underwent several expansions, particularly during the 17th century under the Ya'aruba dynasty, enhancing its defensive features and turning it into a key military and political center. It also served as the residence for Oman's Imam, making it a crucial site for governance as well as defense.
The fort showcases a blend of Islamic and Omani architectural styles, with thick walls, watchtowers, and panoramic views of the surrounding Al Hajar Mountains and valleys. Inside, visitors can explore various rooms, including living quarters and storage spaces, that reflect the fort’s role as both a military stronghold and a place of administration.
Today, Al Rustaq Fort is a popular cultural and tourist attraction, offering a glimpse into Oman’s rich history and heritage while providing stunning views of the surrounding landscape.
Al Rustaq Fort is located in the town of Al Rustaq, approximately 170 kilometers west of Muscat. The fort's strategic location provides panoramic views of the surrounding landscape, allowing visitors to appreciate its historical defensive significance.
The admission fee for Al Rustaq Fort is 0.5 Omani Rials, which is approximately USD 1.30. The fort is open to visitors from 9:00 AM to 4:00 PM Saturday through Thursday, and on Fridays, it operates from 8:00 AM to 11:00 AM. Ample parking is available near the fort's entrance, accommodating both cars and larger vehicles.
Tips for your visit:
Stay hydrated - the region's climate can be hot, particularly during midday. Carry sufficient water to stay hydrated throughout your visit.
Wear appropriate shoes - the fort's floors and staircases can be uneven and steep. Wearing sturdy, comfortable shoes is recommended.
Supervision of Children - as with all the forts on this list, it's crucial to maintain close supervision due to the fort's high walls and open staircases.
Explore the Towers - don’t miss the opportunity to climb the fort’s towers. They offer amazing panoramic views of Al Rustaq town, the surrounding Al Hajar Mountains, and the date-palm-filled valleys.
Take Your Time - the fort’s layout includes multiple levels and rooms. Take your time to explore the different sections, including the living quarters, storage rooms, and watchtowers—each offers a unique look into the fort's historical and architectural significance.
Where to stay in Al Rustaq:
While there aren't many options in the area, you should consider a stay at Al Rustaq Hotel. This hotel is located in the town of Al Rustaq, only an 8-minute drive from Rustaq Fort! Each apartment at this hotel comes with a private bathroom, a fully equipped kitchen, and free private parking.
Sunaysilah Fort
The Gate to the Indian Ocean
Sunaysilah Fort, located in the coastal city of Sur, Oman, is a significant historical landmark that offers insight into the country's rich heritage. Built in the 16th century, the fort was primarily constructed for defensive purposes, guarding the city against maritime threats and playing a significant role in maritime trade throughout the centuries. Serving as a gateway to the Indian Ocean, the fort stood as a guardian of the lucrative trade routes to East Africa and India. Its strategic location atop a hill also provides visitors with panoramic views of Sur and the Arabian Sea.
While a smaller fort than most others on this list, visitors to Sunaysilah Fort can explore its robust walls, watchtowers, and various rooms that display traditional Omani artifacts, including ancient rugs, jewelry, household items, and pottery. These exhibits offer a glimpse into the daily life and culture of the era.
Visitors to the Fort also have the opportunity to immerse themselves in the maritime history of Oman and witness the craftsmanship of local shipbuilders. The fort itself offers panoramic views of the seascape and serves as an excellent spot for capturing photographs of this picturesque region, while the town of Sur, being known for shipbuilding traditions, serves as a fantastic opportunity to learn about the traditional Omani dhow and the history of Omani maritime practices.
The fort is typically open from 9:00 AM to 4:00 PM from Saturday to Thursday, and it remains closed on Fridays. The admission fee is 0.5 Omani Rials (approximately USD 1.30).
Tips for your visit:
Stay nearby - we highly recommend a stay in the city of Sur. Immerse yourself in local culture here by visiting the traditional souq or walk along the Sur corniche for sweeping ocean views. Nearby, you'll also find many stunning beaches, perfect for cooling off on a hot day.
Photography - photography is generally allowed at the fort, but it’s always a good idea to ask at the entrance if there are any restrictions on taking pictures, especially in indoor or exhibit areas.
Supervise children - supervise children closely, as there are steep staircases and elevated areas within the fort.
Where to stay in Sur:
There are a variety of wonderful hotels and guesthouses in the city of Sur, some with ocean views, others a bit farther inland. You're sure to find some great options, whether you plan to stay one night or a few (we recommend a few nights here!).
Here are two fantastic options near all the main attractions:
Al Mirani and Al Jalali Forts
Guardians of Muscat
Al Mirani and Al Jalali Forts are prominent historical landmarks situated on either side of the harbor in Old Muscat, Oman. Constructed in the 16th century by the Portuguese, these forts were designed to protect the strategic port of Muscat.
Al Mirani Fort is located on the western side of the harbor, while Al Jalali Fort stands on the eastern side. Both forts were built between 1586 and 1588, with Al Mirani Fort constructed first, followed by Al Jalali Fort.
Over the centuries, the forts have undergone various transformations. After the Portuguese were expelled in the mid-17th century, the forts served multiple purposes, including military garrisons and prisons. Notably, Al Jalali Fort functioned as a prison until the 1970s.
Today, both forts remain integral to Oman's heritage. While Al Jalali Fort is closed to the public and not accessible by land, you have some magnificent views of the exterior from across the water (standing by Al Mirani Fort). Al Mirani Fort has limited operating hours and many areas inside the fort remain closed to visitors. On our visit, the fort was closed to visitors and this seems a frequent occurrence. Be sure to check official operating times if you intend to visit the interior. However, the views walking around the outside of the fort are stunning, offering views of Al Alam Palace, Al Jalali Fort, and the Ocean.
Parking is available near the forts, but it can be limited due to the location in the historical district of Muscat. It's advised to arrive early to secure a spot or consider using nearby public parking areas and walking to the forts. Always double-check for the latest information, as hours, fees, and parking options may change. On our visit, we parked in a free parking lot nearby Al Alam Palace and walked over.
Tips for your visit:
Nearby attractions - don't miss a visit to Al Alam Palace, which sits between the forts. While not open to the public (it's the official residence of the Sultan of Oman) the grounds are beautiful and the architecture is stunning.
Arrive early - if you plan to find parking, arrive early in the day as spots can fill up quickly.
Don't sit on the stone walls by the ocean - we got a stern talking to by a security guard for this! - SEE PHOTO BELOW
Stay nearby - Muscat offers so many amazing things to do, from the stunning Sultan Qaboos Grand Mosque to Qurum Beach, and the Muscat Opera House. Be sure to check out the best city sites on your visit.
The picture that got us in trouble with security! Oops! Al Jalali Fort in the background.
Mutrah Fort
Where History Meets the Sea in Oman
Mutrah Fort, built by the Portuguese in the 1580s, is an important historical landmark that played a key role in defending the Mutrah harbor. The Portuguese constructed the fort to protect their trading routes and interests in the region. After the Portuguese were expelled from Oman in the mid-17th century, the fort underwent various transformations, serving as a military post and later being used for cultural and administrative purposes. Today, Mutrah Fort stands as a testament to Oman’s rich history and its strategic importance in the region.
The fort is moderately sized and offers visitors a chance to explore its three main towers, which are connected by ramparts. From these towers, you’ll get stunning panoramic views of the harbor, the city of Mutrah, and the Arabian Sea. Inside the fort, you can walk through various rooms that showcase its historical and military significance. These rooms include storage areas, armament rooms, and living quarters, which provide a glimpse into the fort's role in Oman’s defense history. The fort’s narrow staircases and uneven floors require comfortable footwear, as visitors will be climbing to different levels to explore the full layout.
Mutrah Fort offers a great opportunity to connect with Oman's maritime history, with the chance to explore its defensive walls, watchtowers, and cultural exhibits. While it’s not as large as some other Omani forts, it still provides a fascinating and immersive experience for history enthusiasts and tourists interested in Oman’s past.
Mutrah Fort is generally open to visitors daily from 8:00 AM to 11:00 PM. The entry fee for non-resident adults is approximately 3 Omani Rials (OMR), while residents may be charged around 1 OMR. However, fees can change, so it’s recommended to verify the latest information before planning your visit. When arriving by car, know that parking is limited near the fort. Visitors are encouraged to arrive early, especially during peak times, to secure parking spots. Alternatively, exploring the area on foot offers a more immersive experience of Mutrah's scenic beauty and local culture. So park where you can find space and walk along the Mutrah Corniche toward the fort.
Tips for your visit:
Explore the area - while this fortress doesn't take very long to walk around, you'll find lots to see nearby. Consider a walk along the Mutrah Corniche and witness the beautiful Al Sultan Qaboos Port Ship at the dock. Or consider strolling through the bustling Mutrah Souq, where you'll find a variety of goods, souvenirs, and sweet shops.
Stay hydrated - as with any outdoor activities in Oman, it's important to keep hydrated, no matter the time of year.
Photography - while photography is generally allowed, it's important to ask permission before taking photos of locals, local goods, or of indoor exhibitions.
Nakhal Fort
Defending Oman's Legacy
Nakhal Fort is a historic gem located in the Al Batinah region of Oman, approximately 120 kilometers west of Muscat. Built in the 17th century and situated at the base of the majestic Jebel Nakhal mountain, this fort has long been a symbol of Oman's military history. Originally used as a strategic military outpost, the fort was later expanded during the 19th century, giving it a unique blend of architectural styles. The fort has served various purposes over the centuries, including as a military stronghold, administrative center, and even as a prison. It was also a key site for local leaders, who used the fort to control the surrounding region.
Visitors to Nakhal Fort can explore a variety of rooms that showcase its historical importance. As you walk through the fort, you’ll encounter living quarters, storage rooms, and even a prison cell, offering a fascinating glimpse into the past. The fort’s strategic design allows for panoramic views of the surrounding date palm plantations and the rugged Hajar Mountains, giving visitors a sense of the fort’s tactical importance. The fort's walls are made from a combination of stone and mudbrick, adding to its historical charm. The structure's multi-story towers are accessible, providing excellent views of the fort's surroundings.
Operating Hours and Entry Fees: Nakhal Fort is open from Saturday to Thursday, between 9:00 AM and 4:00 PM, and on Friday from 8:00 AM to 11:00 AM. The entry fee for adults is 500 baizas (approximately USD 1.30). It's a relatively affordable and rewarding visit to explore the fort’s rich history. Parking is available at the fort site, though it can be limited during peak visiting hours. It's recommended to arrive early, especially during weekends or holidays, to secure a parking spot. If the parking lot is full, there may be alternative parking options nearby, and visitors can enjoy a short walk to the fort from there.
Tips for your visit:
Check for Local Events - sometimes the fort hosts cultural events or exhibitions, so it’s worth checking ahead for any special happenings during your visit.
Accessibility - be aware that the fort’s steep staircases and uneven terrain might make it challenging for those with mobility issues, so it may be best to plan accordingly if you're traveling with elderly visitors or those who have difficulty walking.
Bring Your Camera - the views from Nakhal Fort are incredible! Don’t forget your camera to capture the panoramic vistas of the fort’s surrounding date palm plantations and the dramatic Hajar Mountains.
The majestic forts and castles of Oman stand as majestic sentinels over the centuries. From Bahla to Jabreen, each fort carries with it a fragment of Oman's rich history and cultural heritage. Whether you are an eternal seeker of history or a casual traveler, these forts invite you to delve into a world of stories and marvels that shaped a nation.
As you plan your journey through Oman, make sure to include visits to these historical forts. They not only serve as a gateway to the past but also provide an understanding of the strategic importance of Oman throughout history. Step into a living history that reflects the resilience and ingenuity of the Omani people. Each fort, with its unique story, enhances the narrative of Oman’s past, offering insights into the country’s strategic importance in the region.
Exploring these majestic forts will allow you to appreciate the blend of natural beauty and historical significance that defines Oman, enhancing your journey through this unique country.
Happy travels!
Operating hours and entry fees mentioned in this article are subject to change at the discretion of the relevant Omani authorities or site management. Therefore, it's recommended to verify the latest information before your visit.
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